Q1-1:  Who was Alfred Wegener?

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Q1-2:  Alfred Wegener thought that all continents were once connected. Explain three (3) observations that led to this belief.

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A1-2:   (1) Eastern US coal beds match southern Europe coal beds; (2) South America plant fossils match plant fossils in Africa, India, Australia, & Australia; (3) Reptile fossils in South America match with ones in Africa; (4) Early mammal fossils in South America match those in Africa; (5) North American mountain ranges match those in Africa & South America; (6) Warm, dry climate evidence in Antarctica

Q1-3:  Why did scientists reject Wegener’s idea of continental drift?

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Q1-4: The development of the theory of plate tectonics is a good example of the application of the scientific process. a. How did Wegener follow this process? b. When scientists rejected continental drift, were they using the scientific process? Why or why not?

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Q1-5:   List the animal fossils found on each continent based on the graphics on page 160.

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Q1-6:  A long time ago, glaciers covered parts of some of the continents. Why aren’t glaciers on these continents today?

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A1-6: The continents have moved more towards the equator.

Q2-1:  Explain why magnetic patterns are important evidence for plate tectonics.

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Q2-2: How were mid-ocean ridges discovered?

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Q2-3: What was Harry Hess’ hypothesis regarding the ocean floor and how it was made?

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A2-3:  That new sea floor is made at the mid-ocean ridges. Newer rock is less dense. The older rock far away from the ridge is more dense and so sinks back into the mantle at subduction trenches, pulling the plate behind it.

Q2-4: What two discoveries supported Hess’ hypothesis?

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Q2-5: What is the study of lithospheric plates called?

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A2-5:   Plate tectonics

Q2-6: Over what surface do lithospheric plates move?

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Q2-7: Name the two types of lithospheric plates & describe them.

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Q2-8: What are some questions that are answered by tectonic plates?

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Q2-9: What is the source of energy that drives the movement of plates?

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Q2-10: Do lithospheric plates move quickly or slowly? Explain.

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A2-10: Slowly -- about as fast as a fingernail grows

Q2-11: Describe the process of subduction in your own words. What causes it to happen?

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A2-11: Heavier, denser plates sink into mantle and slide under less dense and lighter plates (usually continental)

Q2-12: Name an island chain formed by a mantle plume hot spot. Describe the process of how it forms.

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A2-12: Hawaiian Islands. Mantle plume stays in one place and as ocean plate moves northwest across it, magma squirts up through plate to create a new lava island.

Q2-13: What effect is the mid-Atlantic ridge having on the country of Iceland?

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A2-13: It is splitting it apart. A rift is appearing in the middle of the country. It is the cause of Iceland's geothermal activity.

Q2-14: When Pangaea broke apart it is thought it divided into two continents. What were they called and what do the names mean?

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A2-14: Laurasia split into Laurentia (North America) and Eurasia; Gondwana - named by Eduard Suess after a region in eastern India.

Q3-1: What are the three types of plate boundaries and what does each do in relation to other plate boundaries?

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A3-1: (a) Convergent - coming together; (b) Divergent - separating; (c) Transform - sliding past each other

Q3-2: What kind of boundary is a mid-ocean ridge?

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A3-2: Divergent boundary

Q3-3: What is pillow lava and where is it found?

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A3-3: Round-type lava flows created under water.  Water cools the surface of lava and hot lava underneath causes the surface to balloon out

Q3-4: What is a place (on land) where divergent boundaries can be found? Give an example of a divergent boundary on land.

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A3-4: African rift boundary and the Red Sea

Q3-5: What happens when ocean plates come together? What landform does this event create?

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A3-5: One subducts under the other and a trench is formed

Q3-6: What two (2) features of a plate determine whether a plate will subduct under another plate?

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A3-6:   The age of the plate and whether it is made of granite or basalt

Q3-7: Which is more buoyant, a continental plate or oceanic plate?

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A3-7: Continental plate

Q3-8: What happens when two continental plates collide?  Give an example of continents colliding today.

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A3-8: Land crumples and forms mountains (Himalayan Mountains)

Q3-9: Why are transform faults harder to find than divergent and convergent boundaries?

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A3-9: They leave few clues to show their location and they don't occur in a single straight line.

Q3-10: What are three clues to finding transform faults?

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A3-10:  (1) offsets; (2) earthquakes; (3) small valleys or ponds

Q4-1: What does the term -- metamorphism -- mean?

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A4-1: To change the form of something

Q4-2:  What two things can cause metamorphic rock formation?

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A4-2: Heat and pressure

Q4-3: What is contact metamorphism?

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A4-3: When rocks come into contact with magma without much pressure being involved

Q4-4: Look at the rock images on page 175. Which image is most likely to be a metamorphic rock? Explain your answer.

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A4-4: Sample A -- wavy lines indicate high pressure

Q4-5: Metamorphic rocks are commonly formed at what kind of plate boundary?

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A4-5: convergent plate boundaries

Q4-6: In which location would you be most likely to find a metamorphic rock?

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A4-6: On a mountain

Q4-7: At what type of boundary can limestone be metamorphosed into marble?

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A4-7: At a convergent plate boundary

Q4-8: a. Formed from particles of sand & soil;  b. Formed after a volcano erupts;  c. Formed at a subduction zone

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A4-8: (a) sedimentary; (b) igneous; (c) metamorphic

Q5-1:  Means “all land” & is the name for the great landmass that existed 245 million years ago.

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A5-1:   Pangaea

Q5-2: Idea that the continents move aorund on Earth’s surface.

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A5-2:      continental drift

Q5-3: The study of Earth’s lithospheric plates.

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A5-3:      plate tectonics

Q5-4: Layer of Earth made of granite.

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A5-4:      continental plates

Q5-5: The sinking process that completes the lower mantle convection cell.

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A5-5:     subduction

Q5-6: What moves over the aesthenosphere?

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A5-6:      lithospheric plates

Q5-7: Undersea features where new ocean floor is created.

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A5-7:      mid-ocean ridges

Q5-8: Idea that Hess proposed.

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A5-8:      sea-floor spreading

Q5-9: Thin layer made of basalt.

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A5-9:      oceanic plates

Q5-10: Rises to the surface & may create a volcano.

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A5-10:      mantle plume

Q5-11: Type of boundary where mountains form.

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A5-11:      convergent boundary

Q5-12: Type of boundary where mid-ocean ridges form.

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A5-12:     divergent boundary

Q5-13: Type of boundary where earthquakes & offsetting occur.

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A5-13:      transform boundary

Q5-14: Feature created when one lithospheric plate subducts under another.

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A5-14:     trench

Q5-15: Type of rock created when sedimentary rocks are exposed to intense heat and pressure.

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A5-15:      metamorphic rock

Q5-16: How do fossils support the idea of continental drift?

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A5-16: Fossils are records of plants and animals that lived on continents in the past. Their age and distribution indicate continents that at one time were next to each other.

Q5-17: Where would you find the oldest and youngest rocks on the sea floor?

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A5-17:  Oldest - furtherest away from the ridge; Youngest - closest to the ridge

Q5-18: List the 3 types of plate boundaries. California’s San Andreas Fault represents which type of boundary?

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A5-18: Convergent, divergent, transform; transform

Q6-1: The idea that continents move around on Earth's surface.

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A6-1: continental drift

Q6-2: An ancient, huge landmass composed of earlier forms of today's continents; an ancient supercontinent.

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A6-2: Pangaea

Q6-3: Theory explaining how plates on the Earth's surface move.

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A6-3: plate tectonics

Q6-4: Published Origins of Continents and Oceans in 1915 to explain continental drift.

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A6-4: Alfred Wegener

Q6-5: A long chain of undersea mountains

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A6-5: mid-ocean ridge

Q6-6: The remains or impression of a living thing of a former geologic age, preserved in stone

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A6-6: fossil

Q6-7: Hypothesis that new sea floor is created at mid-ocean ridges.

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A6-7: sea floor  spreading

Q6-8: Large pieces of Earth's lithosphere that move over the aethenosphere.

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A6-8: lithospheric plate

Q6-9: Thin, dense lithospheric plates that are made of basalt and form the ocean floor.

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A6-9: oceanic plate

Q6-10: Thick, less-dense lithospheric plates that are made of granite and form the continents.

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A6-10: continental plate

Q6-11: A process that involves a lithospheric plate sinking into the mantle and pulling the plate behind it.

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A6-11: subduction

Q6-12: Heated lower mantle rock that rises toward the lithosphere because it is less dense than surrounding mantle rock.

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A6-12: mantle plume

Q6-13:  A lithospheric plate boundary where two plates move apart.

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A6-13: divergent boundary

Q6-14: A lithospheric plate boundary where two plates come together.

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A6-14: convergent boundary

Q6-15: A lithospheric plate boundary where two plates slide by each other.

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A6-15: transform boundary

Q6-16: A divergent boundary that forms on land.

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A6-16: rift valley

Q6-17: A valley in the ocean created where one lithospheric plate subducts under another.

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A6-17: trench

Q6-18: Evidence of a transform fault where the movement of the fault will break or "offset" the feature.... as in a zigzag creek.

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A6-18: offsetting

Q6-19: A scientist who studies how lithospheric plates move and change shape.

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A6-19: geodynamacist

Q6-20: A rock formed from another kind of rock due to heat and pressure.

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A6-20: metamorphic rock

Q6-21: When magma comes in contact with another type of rock, causing a change in structure due to high heat.

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A6-21: contact metamorphism

Q6-22: Rocks that are made of sediments.

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A6-22: sedimentary rock

Q6-23: Rocks that are formed from magma or lava.

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A6-23: igneous rock

Q6-24: A Cluster of tar pits in the urban heart of Los Angeles, CA. Asphalt or tar (brea in Spanish) has seeped up from the ground in this area for tens of thousands of years. The tar is often covered with water. Animals that came to drink the water fell in, sank in the tar, died, and were preserved.

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A6-24: La Brea tar pits

Q6-25: Latin name for sabre-toothed cat.

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A6-25: Smilodon Californicus